Principles of assessment in lifelong learning Essay Example for Free

Principles of assessment in lifelong learning Essay 1.1Explain the types of assessment used in lifelong learning. (150 words approx.) Initial/diagnostic assessment can be taken before learner’s enrollment for a course. This is a way of finding out whether the prospective course is suitable for a student and meets the learner’s needs or not. Formative assessment can be taken during the programme or a course. Teachers use assessments in their teaching sessions to make judgement about their learners. Summative assessment is used to outline or work out the level of achievement. Summative assessment is used for a final judgement about the learning achievements. Formal assessment is used where there is a need to assess learners under controlled conditions. Informal assessment is used as an ongoing check on understanding without control conditions. This is an aid for a teacher to monitor progress. Independent assessment applies to courses where the learners are assessed by someone other than their teacher. Peer assessment is used where other learners are at the same level of skill and knowledge and can play a vital role in judging a learners achievement level. 1.2 Explain the use of methods of assessment in lifelong learning. (150 words approx.) Different methods can be used for assessment in the lifelong learning. Short answers: is a good way of keeping student activities in their learnings. Multiple –choice: is a task in which learner has to select the correct answer from a number of alternative options. Observation: Observation is used i this programme for assessment of micro-teach/ teaching practice delivery. It can be used in any situation where practical skills are being assessed. Project work: involves a piece of written work in which learners take responsibility. Essays: This is a substantial piece of written work as well. It asks learners to show understanding of the subject. Exams: can be taken either by written tests or completion of a practical task under controlled conditions. Oral and aural: These assessment test speaking and listening skills. In this assessment, learners are required to listen to something and respond . Electronic assessment: refers to the use of information technology for any assessment-related activity.

Situational Leadership Analysis Essay -- Leadership

Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory (SLT) asserts that a leader’s effectiveness is dependent upon the readiness, or ability and willingness, of the leader’s followers to complete a task. This leadership style is an amalgamation of task-oriented and relationship-oriented characteristics that are employed depending upon the situation and the followers involved. According to the SLT, as followers increase in readiness the leader’s style is to adapt accordingly (Kinicki & Kreitner, 2009). The table below (Babou, 2008) summarizes the leadership behaviors that the SLT presumes are appropriate to the various stages of follower readiness. Each quadrant of the Leadership Behaviors chart corresponds to the same quadrant in the Follower Readiness chart. Leadership Behaviors Style 1 (S1 or Directing): High task/low relationship This leader uses above-average amounts of task behavior and below-average amounts of relationship behavior. Style 2 (S2 or Coaching): High task/high relationship This leader uses greater-than-average amounts of both task and relationship behaviors. Style 3 (S3 or Supporting): High relationship/low task This leader exhibits greater-than-average amounts of relationship behavior and below-average amounts of task behavior. Style 4 (S4 or Delegating): Low relationship/low task This leader uses below-average amounts of both relationship and task behaviors. Follower Readiness For example, under this theory the leader would employ High Directive/High Support leadership behaviors to the Disillusioned Learner. Ideally, the leader helps the followers as they progress through the stages to achieve the Self-Reliant Achiever/Delegating level. While I do not necessarily ... ...ul leader. Without high competence in these areas, the leader is unlikely to find success to any significant degree regardless of how well he or she performs in the other areas. Overall I am pleased with where I currently am in these fundamental areas, particularly in those areas that define me as a person and would otherwise be extremely difficult to change. The areas of weakness reveal adjustments that I can make in my style and how I outwardly present myself, but I do not believe there are any gaps that cannot be bridged as I continue my quest to become a better leader. Works Cited Babou. (2008, March 26). Variations in situational leadership Web. 28 March 2015 http://leadershipchamps.wordpress.com/2008/03/26/variations-in-situational-leadership/ Kinicki, A., & Kreitner, R. (2009). Organizational behavior (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Cost Vs. Care Essay

Cost by Day 3 your analysis and assessment of the ethical and economic challenges related to policy decisions such as those presented in the Washington Post article. How does this type of situation contribute to the tension between cost and care? Substantiate your response with at least two outside resources. Cost and Care in the US Kovner and Knickman (2011, p.280) suggested that health economist in the US used various methods to the measured value created by healthcare, the standard measure is the quality adjusted life years (QALY). The two factors whose product results in the QALY are 1) measure of the patient’s quality of life on a scale where 0.0 is essentially death, and the 1.0 is perfect health, and 2) the number of years the treatment will extend the person’s life. Applying QALY in the Provenge is by multiplying the value that is $93,000 with the number of extended months that are four. The product is $372,000 per quality adjusted life year. Provenge is just one of the expensive drugs that is utilized in the US and paid by government and other insurance. Herper (2010) reported that the most expensive drugs cost more than $200,000 a year. These are those that treat rare diseases, mostly genetic, which inflict to less than 10,000 patients. Example is the drug, Solaris, which cost $409,500 a year. This is a monoclonocal antibody drug that treats the paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Another drug is Elaprase that cost $375,000 a year. This medicine treats an ultra-rare metabolic disorder called Hunter’s syndrome. The article also mentioned that the high cost of medicine is necessary to support the few patients who will ever need. I believe that for this reason, the cost for this drug is justifiable, but not in the case of the Provenge. American Cancer Society (2013) suggested that prostate cancer occurs mainly in older men; six cases in ten are diagnosed from ages 65 and older and rarely before age 40. While National Cancer Institute stated that the estimated new cases of prostate cancer in the United States in 2014 are 233,000 and estimated deaths are 29,480. These data defines that prostate cancer medications shouldn’t belong to the most expensive medication. At present, there is a $7,535 per capita spending in the US per year (Milstead, 20, p. 194). Emergence of expensive medications that will be approved by the government will increase this number. The government needs to develop programs that wi ll cut this cost  without sacrificing the necessary treatments needed by patients. One program can be giving incentives to companies that do researches and come up with an alternative and affordable drug for prostate cancer such as Prostvac-TRICOM, Ad/prostate-specific antigen vaccine Ad5-prostate-specific antigen and the DNA/prostatic acid phosphatase vaccines (Lubaroff, 2012). Ethically, everyone should be treated equally in healthcare. The four principles that are relevant for health care are respect for persons, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice (McAdams, n.d.). The government uses the principles of respect for a person, beneficence and justice in approving expensive treatments and medications. The US government gives their respect by performing their duty as the healthcare provider and having a goal of 21st health care excellence. It provides beneficence by being kind and providing healthcare programs to below the poverty population; on individual with a particular disability; on veterans and their family; and, on the ageing population. It practices justice by creating a law that healthcare facility/agency cannot deny a treatment in emergency setting; and by sharing the cost of healthcare. Summary Cost versus care will always be a debate in the politics area. If we base all our actions through the principles of ethics, all necessary treatments should be delivered in the health system of the government. All patients should receive interventions for the treatment of disease and to prolong life as they wish to be. That is the reason we have the POLST, the Advance Directives and the Informed Consent. The government’s role is to source funding from everywhere to meet the needs of the patients. Funds may come from the shares of cost, from the co-pay, from the deductible, from the out of pocket, from the stocks and bonds, from â€Å"sin â€Å" taxes and other forms of taxes, and from other sources of investment for health funds. The government, at the same time, should regulate the companies or individuals that take advantage of the private, company and government insurance that demand a higher price of service or products. References: Cancer Society. (2013). What are the key statistics about prostate cancer? Retrieved from the http://www.cancer American.org/cancer/prostatecancer/detailedguide/prostate-cancer-key-statisti

Tesco Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2502 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Review Level High school Tags: SWOT Analysis Essay Did you like this example? 1. Introduction Tesco is a British based supermarket engaged in retailing of food and non-food products. The company operates in 12 markets worldwide, having a team of 500,000 employees (Tesco.com, 2014). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Tesco Example For Free" essay for you Create order Tesco was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen from a market stall in Londons East end. Tesco is one of the worlds largest retailers, serving millions of customers every week (Tesco.com, 2014). It operates via various store formats such as express, metro, extra and superstores. In 2013, Tesco recorded revenue of  £43.6 bn and trading profit of  £2,191m in the UK (Tesco Annual report, 2014). In the next section, the report will make use of the PEST framework and Porters five forces to analyse the external business environment in which Tesco operates. To analyse the internal business environment, the SWOT tool will be used. 2. Business Environment â€Å" A business firm does not operate in a vacuum but in a given environment, and has to interact and transact its business within this environment† (Fernando, 2011, p33). The two types of business environment are external (macro and micro environment) and internal. 2.1 External Environment 2.1.1 PEST Analysis of Tesco 2.1.1.1 Political As Tesco operates globally, it has to obey various government regulation and laws where they are operating. In terms of employment, the UK government encourages retail organisations to offer various types of job opportunities ranging from flexible, low wage and locally based jobs to high skilled, high wage and centrally located jobs to cater to the demands of groups such as students and senior citizens (Balchin, 1994). Most governments encourage businesses to employ local people for the development of the local economy. Many laws, regulations, codes of practice and guidance control the manufacturing, processing, distribution, packaging and labeling of food products (FSA, 2014). The Food and safety act provides food legislations acts in areas like hygiene, false description of food, low quality and unsafe food. Various environmental organisations encourage companies to reduce carbon emission in different stages of their supply chain. Tesco is working to achieve its 2020 target to reduce carbon emission throughout its supply chain. For example: using sea and rail modes of transport instead of doing so by road, opening new distribution centres to reduce transportation and hence reduce carbon emissions (Tesco.com, Tesco and society, 2014). 2.1.1.2 Economic Economic factors like recession, unemployment and GDP are important for Tesco as they influence demand of products in the market. People tend to spend less on goods in times of recession. Due to recession and unemployment, as the disposable income decreases, customers switch to discount stores such as Aldi and Lidl. According to the Office For National Statistics (2014), the number of people out of work declined to a five year low of 6.8 % (BBC News, 2014). Also, the youth unemployment rate declined with 283,000 people finding jobs in the early months of 2014, which is the highest since 1971 (BBC News, 2014). Though Tesco is expanding internationally, the economic indicators like unemployment rate in the UK will be of prime importance to Tescos profits in the future as the company is highly dependent on its home market. 2.1.1.3 Social Customer buying behaviour keeps on changing and hence retailers have to keep track of customers shopping trends. Customers like to shop at the smaller convenience stores rather than large stores (Tesco Annual report, 2014). Thus, Tesco has reduced opening of new stores and is focusing on convenience and online shopping. Shoppers are becoming more health conscious and they are more concerned about the quality of food (Doward, 2014). Thus, Tesco is investing in organic foods to meet the demands of customers. 2.2.1.4 Technological With the rise in the use of the Internet and digital technology, retailers have an added responsibility to incorporate new technology in their supply chain. According to the chairman of Tesco (2014), the capacity for customers to interact with each other and the organisation is driving different expectations in terms of service, choice and the overall shopping experience (Tesco Annual report, 2014). A major portion of consumers use smartphones for online shopping, comparing prices with competitors and reading reviews (Tesco Annual report, 2014). Tesco is increasing its investment in new technologies to serve customers better. In 2013, Tesco made huge investment to integrate point of cash management SMARTtill technology in over 10,000 UK tills to provide better customer service (Retail technology, 2013) 2.1.2 Porters Five Forces Analysis of Tesco According to Porter (2008), the five forces that shape industry competition are as follows: threat of a new entry, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, rivalry between competitors and threat of substitutes (Figure 1). Figure 1 Porters Five Forces (Source: Porter, 2008, p80) 2.1.2.1 Threat of a new entry The threat of a new entry is low . The retail industry demands huge investment from a potential entry in the market (Economics Online, 2014). Many big players such as Tesco, ASDA, Sainsbury are operating in the market. Also, discount supermarkets stores such as Aldi and Lidl are present. Over the years, they have been investing in developing supply chain and efficient technology. It would be difficult for a new entry to compete with the well-established players. Moreover, it would be difficult for a new player to build relationship with suppliers. It should be noted that it would be difficult for a new start-up to compete in the UK retail market, however, for retailers established in other countries, it could be possible to gain a foothold in the UK market, just like Aldi and Lidl. Barriers to entry also include getting government authorisation to establish a new supermarket. This demands significant resources and time. 2.1.2.2 Bargaining power of suppliers Porter (2008) stated that suppliers have less bargaining power if they deal with big organisations in an industry. There are four leading players such as Tesco, Sainsbury, Morrison and Asda, accounting for 59% of total retail value sales in 2013 (Euromonitor International, 2014). These players are big organisations and can easily switch from one supplier to another due to strong financial resources. Hence, suppliers are dependent on the retail organisations and are keen to maintain long working relationships in order to remain profitable. Tesco, being the market leader can negotiate in terms of price with the suppliers and hence it has a strong position as compared to suppliers. Thus, power of suppliers is low . 2.1.2.3 Bargaining power of buyers There are many retail organisations operating in the UK market, offering standardised and less differentiated products. Buyers can easily switch from one brand to another due to the absence of switching costs. However, loyalty schemes like Tescos club card plays an important role in retaining customers. There are 38 million club card customers shopping in Tesco stores (Tesco Annual report, 2014). With the help of the Internet, customers can easily compare different prices to help inform their purchasing decisions. Overall, the bargaining power of buyers is moderate to high . 2.1.2.4 Rivalry among existing competitors The rivalry among competitors is high . The competitors of Tesco are ASDA, Morrisons and Sainsburys. The retail organisations compete directly in price wars in their stores such as labeling their product as low cost compared to the competitors. For example: ASDA has a price guarantee, and give a refund if the price offered is higher than other supermarkets. Tesco is also facing competition from low discount stores such as Aldi and Lidl. Tescos market share experienced a decline from 30.7% in 2012 to 30.1% in 2013, while discount stores Aldi and Lidl increased their market share to 3.6% and 3.1% in 2013 respectively, from 2.9% in 2012 (Neville, 2013). 2.1.2.5 Threat of substitute product or services Substitutes to supermarkets are the small convenience stores offering products to customers in their vicinity. However, supermarkets are planning to open convenience stores and smaller store formats closer to homes due to the preference of customers to shop more frequently and closer to home (Tesco Annual report, 2014). For food retailing, the threat of substitutes is low to moderate whereas for non- food products, it is moderate to high as people have various options to buy such as online and clothing stores. 2.2 Internal Environment 2.2.1 SWOT Analysis of Tesco A SWOT analysis is used to analyse the internal business environment of Tesco to identify strengths and opportunities. In addition, the SWOT tool also results in identification of core competencies of an organisation, and opportunities that the company is not able to exploit due to lack of resources (Wheelen and Hunger, 2011). Table 1: SWOT analysis of Tesco STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Strong market position in the UK Strong brand name International expansion Clubcard loyalty scheme, owner of Dunhumby (world leader in customer insight) Diversification into other sectors Hypermarket store format Management change OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Increase in online shopping Rapidly growing economy – India and China Competitive market Government restrictions 2.2.1.1 Strengths Strong Market Position In The UK Tesco is one of the worlds largest retailers and has a market leading position in the UK. It is perceived as a strong brand offering great value to customers. The group has 3378 stores and employs about 313,923 staff in the UK (Tesco Annual report, 2014). According to Kantar media (2012), of 1.3 million customers that purchased groceries online during one month, over half of the customers purchased groceries from Tesco online. This shows that a greater number of customers like to purchase via Tesco online as compared to competitors. International expansion Tesco has international presence in regions like South Korea, China and Europe. It has been able to expand and build its profitable presence in various countries around the world. The ability to expand in various countries shows that Tesco has strong financial resources. Club card loyalty scheme â€Å"Clubcard, introduced in 1996, is our way of saying thank-you to our customers† (Tesco.com, Tesco UK, 2014). The company introduced club card scheme as a marketing tool to retain customers and hence increase customer loyalty. Tesco owns Dunhumby, a world leader in customer insight, and it has helped Tesco to understand its customers better (Tesco.com, 2014). Diversification The company is also involved in other business sectors such as banking and financial services, thus generating more profit from diversification. Tesco reported an increase by 14 % in main banking products like customer accounts for loan, mortgage, savings and credit cards (Tesco Annual report, 2014). 2.2.1.2 Weaknesses Hypermarket store format Tesco operates mainly through big store formats in the UK and internationally. However, customers prefer to shop in small convenience stores (Tesco Annual report, 2014). It is a challenge for Tesco as they have many big stores. The company has stopped its expansion plan of opening hypermarkets (Tesco Annual report, 2014). Management change Tesco is facing uncertainty in its management structure that could have an impact on its profitability. The CEO of Tesco cleared out 50 managers from its head office, with reasons unknown (Butler, 2013). It seems odd for a company to fire most experienced mangers in the competitive retail environment. 2.2.1.3 Opportunities Increase in online shopping There is a shift in customer trends; they like to do online shopping in the comfort of their homes or while commuting (Rigby, 2014). Tesco has skills and competencies to exploit this opportunity by providing better customer service. Investing in digital technology would be beneficial. Rapidly growing economy – India and China There is huge potential for Tesco to grow in developing economies like India and China. Due to rise of upper middle classes and increase in income spending (EY, 2014), Tesco can utilise its resources to tap this opportunity. 2.2.1.4 Threats Competitive market The UK retail market is highly competitive. The competitors such as ASDA and Sainsbury also have diversified operations in sectors like insurance and loan scheme and hence they are competing with Tesco in all sectors. Customers can easily switch to discount stores like Aldi and Lidl. Government restrictions Tesco is not only affected by the Eurozone crisis but also the problems arising in the Asian market. In terms of international expansion, Tesco is prone to government restriction on opening hours in South Korea (Tesco Annual report, 2014). 3. Conclusion Tesco is affected by many internal and external business environmental factors. Economic factors like decline in unemployment rate in the UK and increase in income spending in developing countries can be considered as an opportunity for the business. Social factors like changing consumer shopping patterns is a challenge for Tesco. For example: usage of digital media. However, Tesco is investing in new technology to serve customers better. In the retail market, the technology factor is of prime importance for a company to competitively position its product and services. Social factors like customers opting to shop at small stores is a threat as Tesco operates mainly through hypermarket stores that are located far from city centre locations. However, the company has stopped expansion of its big stores and is focusing on convenience stores to attract customers. In terms of competitive forces, bargaining power of buyers and rivalry between competitors is high. Hence, offering dif ferentiated and great value products is the solution. Tesco has strong resources and capabilities to tap the opportunities like expanding in developing economies and customers preference towards online shopping. 4. References Balchin, A. (1994) Part-time Workers in the Multiple Retail Sector: Small Change from Employment Protection Legislation?, Vol. 16, Isuue 7, p 43-57. BBC News (2014) UK unemployment rate falls to five-year low, Last accessed 22nd June 2004 at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-27406457 Butler, S. (2013) Tesco gets rid of 50 top managers as Clarke steps up pace of change, The Guardian. Last accessed 23rd June 2014 at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/31/fifty-tesco-managers-lose-jobs Doward, J. (2014) Organic food back in vogue as sales increase, The Guardian. Last accessed 22nd June 2014 at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/feb/09/organic-produce-sales-increase Economics Online (2014) Barriers to entry, Last accessed 27th June 2014 at: https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Business_economics/Barriers_to_entry.html Euromonitor International (2014) Grocery Retailers in the United Kingdom, Last accessed 27th June 2014 at: https://www.euromonitor.com/grocery-retailers-in-the-united-kingdom/report EY (2014) Middle class growth in emerging markets, Last accessed 15th May 2014 at: https://www.ey.com/GL/en/Issues/Driving-growth/Middle-class-growth-in-emerging-markets Fernando, A.C. (2011) Business Environment, India: Pearson Education. FSA (2014) Regulation and legislation, Last accessed 22nd June 2014 at: https://www.food.gov.uk/enforcement/regulation/#.U6bpQI1dUVm Kantar Media (2012) Online Shopper Intelligence – UK, Last accessed 23rd June 2014 at: https://www.kantarmedia.co.uk/media/55366/kantar-media-compete-online-shopper-report-grocery.pdf Neville, S. (2013) Big four supermarkets squeezed by high-end and discount competitors, The Guardian, Last accessed 23rd June 2014 at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/16/big-four-supermarkets-squeezed-competitors Porter, M.E. (2008) The five competitive forces that shape strategy, Harvard Business R eview, January 2008, Vol. 86, Issue 1, p78-93. Retail Technology (2014) Tesco updates EPoS cash drawers, Last accessed 22nd June 2014 at: https://www.retailtechnology.co.uk/news/4764/tesco-updates-epos-cash-drawers/ Rigby, C. (2014) UK shoppers spent  £91bn online in 2013 – and look set to spend  £107bn in 2014, Last accessed 27th June 2014 at: https://internetretailing.net/2014/01/uk-shoppers-spent-91bn-online-in-2013-and-look-set-to-spent-107bn-in-2014/ Tesco Annual report (2014) Tesco annual report and financial statements, Last accessed 22nd June 2014 at: https://www.tescoplc.com/files/pdf/reports/ar14/download_annual_report.pdf Tesco.com (2014) About us, Last accessed 22nd June 2014 at: https://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=6 Tesco.com: Tesco and society (2014) Reducing our impact on the environment, Last accessed 22nd June 2014 at: https://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=636#tabnav Tesco.com: Tesco UK (2014) Clubar d, Last accessed 27th June 2014 at: https://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=282 Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, D.J. (2011) Concepts in Strategic Management and Business Policy: Toward Global Sustainability, 13th edition, Prentice Hall.