Monday, May 18, 2020
The Odyssey Book IX - Nekuia Odysseus Speaks to Ghosts
Book IX of The Odyssey is called Nekuia, which is an ancient Greek rite used to summon and question ghosts. In it, Odysseus tells his King Alcinous all about his fantastic and unusual trip to the underworld in which he did just that. An Unusual Purpose Usually, when mythic heroes undertake the dangerous voyage to the Underworld, its for the purpose of bringing back a person or animal of value. Hercules went to the Underworld to steal the three-headed dog Cerberus and to rescue Alcestis who had sacrificed herself for her husband. Orpheus went below to try to win back his beloved Eurydice, and Theseus went to try to abduct Persephone. But Odysseus? He went for information. Although, obviously, it is frightening to visit the dead (referred to as the home of Hades and Persephone aidao domous kai epaines persphoneies), to hear the wailing and weeping, and to know that at any moment Hades and Persephone could make sure he never sees the light of day again, there is remarkably little peril in Odysseus voyage. Even when he violates the letter of the instructions there are no negative consequences. What Odysseus learns satisfies his own curiosity and makes a great story for King Alcinous whom Odysseus is regaling with tales of the fates of the other Achaeans after the fall of Troy and his own exploits. Poseidon's Wrath For ten years, the Greeks (aka Danaans and Achaeans) had fought the Trojans. By the time Troy (Ilium) was burned, the Greeks were eager to return to their homes and families, but much had changed while theyd been away. While some local kings were gone, their power had been usurped. Odysseus, who ultimately fared better than many of his fellows, was to suffer the wrath of the sea god for many years before he was permitted to reach his home. [Poseidon] could see him sailing upon the sea, and it made him very angry, so he wagged his head and muttered to himself, saying, heavens, so the gods have been changing their minds about Odysseus while I was away in Ethiopia, and now he is close to the land of the Phaeacians, where it is decreed that he shall escape from the calamities that have befallen him. Still, he shall have plenty of hardship yet before he has done with it. V.283-290 Advice From a Siren Poseidon refrained from drowning the hero, but he threw Odysseus and his crew off course. Waylaid on the island of Circe (the enchantress who initially turned his men into swine), Odysseus spent a luxurious year enjoying the bounty of the goddess. His men, however, long restored to human form, kept reminding their leader of their destination, Ithaca. Eventually, they prevailed. Circe regretfully prepared her mortal lover for his trip back to his wife by warning him that he would never make it back to Ithaca if he didnt first speak with Tiresias. Tiresias was dead, though. In order to learn from the blind seer what he needed to do, Odysseus would have to visit the land of the dead. Circe gave Odysseus sacrificial blood to give to the denizens of the Underworld who could then speak to him. Odysseus protested that no mortal could visit the Underworld. Circe told him not to worry, the winds would guide his ship. Son of Laertes, sprung from Zeus, Odysseus of many devices, let there be in thy mind no concern for a pilot to guide thy ship, but set up thy mast, and spread the white sail, and sit thee down; and the breath of the North Wind will bear her onward. X.504-505 The Greek Underworld When he arrived at Oceanus, the body of water encircling the earth and the seas, he would find the groves of Persephone and the house of Hades, i.e., the Underworld. The Underworld is not actually described as being underground, but rather the place where the light of Helios never shines. Circe warned him to make the appropriate animal sacrifices, pour out votive offerings of milk, honey, wine, and water, and fend off the shades of the other dead until Tiresias appeared. Most of this Odysseus did, although before questioning Tiresias, he talked with his companion Elpenor who had fallen, drunk, to his death. Odysseus promised Elpenor a proper funeral. While they talked, other shades appeared, but Odysseus ignored them until Tiresias arrived. Tiresias and Anticlea Odysseus provided the seer with some of the sacrificial blood Circe had told him would permit the dead to speak; then he listened. Tiresias explained Poseidons anger as the result of Odysseus blinding Poseidons son (the Cyclops Polyphemus, who had found and eaten six members of Odysseus crew while they were taking shelter in his cave). He warned Odysseus that if he and his men avoided the herds of Helios on Thrinacia, they would reach Ithaca safely. If instead, they landed on the island, his starving men would eat the cattle and be punished by the god. Odysseus, alone and after many years of delay, would reach home where he would find Penelope oppressed by suitors. Tiresias also foretold a peaceful death for Odysseus at a later date, at sea. Among the shades, Odysseus had seen earlier had been his mother, Anticlea. Odysseus gave the sacrificial blood to her next. She told him that his wife, Penelope, was still waiting for him with their son Telemachus, but that she, his mother, had died from the ache she felt because Odysseus had been away so long. Odysseus longed to hold his mother, but, as Anticlea explained, since the bodies of the dead were burned to ash, the shades of the dead are just insubstantial shadows. She urged her son to talk with the other women so he would be able to give news to Penelope whenever he reached Ithaca. Other Women Odysseus briefly talked to a dozen women, mostly good or beautiful ones, mothers of heroes, or beloved of the gods: Tyro, mother of Pelias and Neleu; Antiope, mother of Amphion and the founder of Thebes, Zethos; Hercules mother, Alcmene; Oedipus mother, here, Epicaste; Chloris, mother of Nestor, Chromios, Periclymenos, and Pero; Leda, mother of Castor and Polydeuces (Pollux); Iphimedeia, mother of Otos and Ephialtes; Phaedra; Procris; Ariadne; Clymene; and a different type of woman, Eriphyle, who had betrayed her husband. To King Alcinous, Odysseus recounted his visits to these women quickly: he wanted to stop speaking so he and his crew could get some sleep. But the king urged him to go on even if it took all night. Since Odysseus wanted help from Alcinous for his return voyage, he settled down to a more detailed report on his conversations with the warriors beside whom he had fought so long. Heroes and Friends The first hero Odysseus spoke with was Agamemnon who said Aegisthus and his own wife Clytemnestra had killed him and his troops during the feast celebrating his return. Clytemnestra wouldnt even close her dead husbands eyes. Filled with distrust of women, Agamemnon gave Odysseus some good advice: land secretly in Ithaca. After Agamemnon, Odysseus let Achilles drink the blood. Achilles complained about death and asked about his sons life. Odysseus was able to assure him that Neoptolemus was still alive and had repeatedly proved himself to be brave and heroic. In life, when Achilles had died, Ajax had thought the honor of possessing the dead mans armor should have fallen to him, but instead, it was awarded to Odysseus. Even in death Ajax held a grudge and would not speak with Odysseus. The Doomed Next Odysseus saw (and briefly recounted to Alcinous) the spirits of Minos (son of Zeus and Europa whom Odysseus witnessed meting out judgment to the dead); Orion (driving herds of wild beasts he had slain); Tityos (who paid for violating Leto in perpetuity by being gnawed upon by vultures); Tantalus (who could never quench his thirst despite being immersed in water, nor slake his hunger despite being inches from an overhanging branch bearing fruit); and Sisyphus (doomed forever to roll back up a hill a rock that keeps rolling back down). But the next (and last) to speak was Hercules phantom (the real Hercules being with the gods). Hercules compared his labors with those of Odysseus, commiserating on the god-inflicted suffering. Next Odysseus would have liked to have spoken with Theseus, but the wailing of the dead scared him and he feared Persephone would destroy him using the head of Medusa: I would fain have seen - Theseus and Peirithoos glorious children of the gods, but so many thousands of ghosts came round me and uttered such appalling cries, that I was panic stricken lest Persephone should send up from the house of Hades the head of that awful monster Gorgon. XI.628 So Odysseus finally returned to his men and his ship, and sailed away from the Underworld through Oceanus, back to Circe for more refreshment, comfort, a burial, and help to get home to Ithaca. His adventures were far from over. Updated by K. Kris Hirst
Saturday, May 16, 2020
Book Report Discover Your True North Essay - 1781 Words
Inscribed on the entry-wall at the ancient Greek Temple of Apollo at Delphi are the words â€Å"know thyself†. Can a leader be truly effective without knowing one’s self? Although it has roots in previous times Authentic Leadership is a concept that began to emerge in its modern form in the 1960s. It wasn’t until 2003 when Bill George wrote about authentic leadership and its connection to ancient Greece that it became a popular leadership concept (Clark, 2014). Bill George is senior fellow at Harvard Business School, where he has taught leadership since 2004. He is the author of four best-selling books: 7 Lessons for Leading in Crisis, True North, Finding Your True North, and Authentic Leadership, as well True North Groups. His newest book, Discover Your True North, was published in August of 2015 along with its companion workbook, The Discover Your True North Fieldbook. He describes authentic leadership as a style of leading that is consistent with the cor e values and personality of the leader and one who leads from an honest, ethical and practical perspective. It is through the leaders authentic self, and not just the concept of self but more importantly the actions of the leader and how that is perceived by others that determines whether they believe the leader is authentic. It is through honest relationships and ethical actions that help to maximize the efforts of others in achieving the goal (George, 2016). George argues that there are five characteristics ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis : Discover Your True North1395 Words  | 6 Pagesfellow at Harvard Business School, where he has taught leadership since 2004. He is the author of four best-selling books: 7 Lessons for Leading in Crisis, True North, Finding Your True North, and Authentic Leadership, as well True North Groups. His newest book, Discover Your True North, was published in August of 2015 along with its companion workbook, The Discover Your True North Fieldbook. Leading that is consistent with the core values and personality of the leader and one who leads from anRead MoreLiterary Analysis of Into the Wild1669 Words  | 7 Pagesjourney. Since he was young, he enjoyed a life of adventure and action. According to the article This Is Your Brain on Adventure by Florence Williams, risk takers have three major emotional ingredients: desire for adventure, relative disregard for harm, [and] impulsivity. These assertions are pers uasive because McCandless possess all these characteristics and he demonstrates them throughout the book. In Detrital Wash, Krakauer describes McCandlesss adventure throughout the United States and MexicoRead MoreThe Medal Of Gold: The Olympics Essay1722 Words  | 7 Pagesplace gold medals are earned and lost. This is the Olympics. Did you know that unmarried women could watch the ancient Olympics? Or that one person ate paper as a warm up food? Though wacky, it is true, and there is a lot more to go along with that. Welcome to the Olympics. â€Å"May the odds be ever in your favor!†- Suzanne Collins, The Hunger Games. Greece is the origin of the Olympics, plain and simple. The Olympics were traced to 776 BC, in the 8th century B.C. They were supposedly created by HerculesRead More3pl Report6517 Words  | 27 PagesOutsourcing Logistics Report Outsourcing Logistics – The latest trends in using 3PL providers January 2005 For further details please contact: Laura Goddard lgoddard@eyefortransport.com US Toll Free: 1 800 814 3459 ext 321 Rest of World: +44 (0) 207 375 7231 Outsourcing Logistics 2005: Best Practice for Managing 3PL Relationships April 25-26 2005 - Hyatt Regency McCormick Place, Chicago, IL www.eyefortransport.com/outsourcelog 1 Outsourcing Logistics Report Table of Contents: Read MoreAbraham Lincoln - Critical Analysis2619 Words  | 11 Pagesfreed the negro slaves through the Emancipation Proclamation and because of this action, had to face a civil war that divided the United States The North vs The South. Today, the United States Commander and Chief is from African American heritage and it is because of Abraham Lincolns leadership that today this is a reality. We were excited to discover more of this great mans life - his character, his trials and tribulations and how he managed to free over 3 million African American slaves and uniteRead MoreGeo Sci2744 Words  | 11 Pagesscientists are sexy. Feedback: Without science and technology, the great majority of us would be dead, so we tend to be supporters of science. Although we know that science works, we’re never sure that it is completely right. Students so often discover things that professors missed, or that professors got wrong, that scientists would be silly to claim Truth. Comparing the TV ratings of the latest hit to the ratings of the latest science program on public broadcasting shows that many Americans areRead More64577569 An Internship Report on Chartered Accountant Firm14353 Words  | 58 Pagesï » ¿An Internship Report On Chartered Accountant Firm TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER # 1     Introduction ï †Â Â Â Â Â Some what about Chartered Accountant Firm ï †Â Â Â Â Â Organizational Structure ï †Â Â Â Â Â Geographical list of  CA firms in Pakistan ï †Â Â Â Â Â CA firms abroad Chapter # 2                 Institute of Chartered Accountants ofPakistan ( ICAP) ï †Â Â Â Â Â Introduction ï †Â Â Â Â Â Types of Chartered Accountants ï †Â Â Â Â Â Role of  ICAP Chapter # 3                 Services Rendered by a CA Firm ï †Â Â Â Â Â Auditing ï †Â Â Â Â Â TaxationRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Amazon.com, Inc.3339 Words  | 14 PagesSeattle. After reading a report about the future of the internet projecting annual web commerce growth at 2,300%, Bezos created a list of 20 products that could be marketed online. He, finally narrowed the search five most promising products including compact discs, computer hardware, computer software, videos, and books. Bezos finally decided that his new business would sell books online, due to the large world-wide demand for literature, the low price points for books, along with the huge numberRead MoreNorth Korea Vs. America Essay2810 Words  | 12 PagesNorth Korea vs America Inquiry Questions: What is the background of the North-Korea vs America conflict? What are the values and viewpoints of each country? How have people responded about the conflict? Leah Rogers BACKGROUND: The conflict I am focusing on is the conflict between North Korea and the USA. The division of Korea into South Korea and North Korea was the result of the 1945 Allied victory in World War II, leaving the countries in disagreement with a 2.5 mileRead MoreChinese Presence Chinese Culture Abroad As Well As Those Visual Form2524 Words  | 11 Pagesand sensationalist newspaper reports†describes China Town in London as â€Å"one of the most exciting and dangerous places in Britain†(John Seed, 2006). The history of Chinatown can be traced back to the Second World War, after that, with the growth of the influx of immigrants from Hong Kong, many places are opened, at the same time, Chinese food is becoming more popular, cause more and more Chinese restaurants be opened. The region has become through exaggerated reports and (the law of the time)
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Correlation Between Academic Advisors And Student...
An examination of the literature discloses that there is a correlation between academic advisors and student interactions and student retention at two-year colleges (Ryan, 2013). The literature on student retention acknowledges academic advising as one of the three most successful approaches, along with academic support and orientation programs, for improving student success. Despite the fact that the literature denotes a link concerning retention and advising, virtually all prior research has assessed perceptions or satisfaction with academic advising. While there is not a direct, causal relationship recognized between academic advising practices and retention, effective advising advances numerous outcomes that are likewise connected†¦show more content†¦In addition, some students are recent high school graduates, others are nontraditional adults, and with selected students having their GEDs. Academic advisor at these institutions must be aware of the many issues with a population this diverse (Peterman, 2000). The relationship between a student and their academic advisor can boost student development and improve academic success for the student. Academic advising is progressing towards guidance that centers on meeting students’ learning and developmental requirements (Pizzolato, 2008). It is the appointments with academic advisors that fosters student development by attending to each student’s particular developmental needs (Choate and Granello, 2006). Additionally, academic advisors assist students in maturing scholastically and individually for the reason of the professional relationship between the student and advisor. Academic advisors have various responsibilities and tasks as it comes to advising students. Moreover, academic advisors are obliged to impart their understanding of major and degree obligations, assist students in scheduling their coursework, and facilitating advancement to the degree in an appropriate manner (Baker and Griffin, 2010). The fundamental objective of academic advisors and institutions is to see students graduate. Finally, the definitive goal in academic advising is to establish relationships with students so that students get the
A Short Note On Diabetes Mellitus Type One Essay - 2009 Words
Diabetes Teaching Project Diabetes mellitus type one is also called juvenile onset diabetes, or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. It is most commonly diagnosed in children and teenagers with an abrupt onset. This teaching project will aim at teaching an eleven-year-old girl who is in fifth grade and was recently diagnosed with type one diabetes. Through this teaching project, this patient will be taught about her diagnosis; what is not functioning properly in her body and why that is important; what medications and treatment regimens she will need to follow; how to manage her blood sugar, what kind of foods she can eat and which she should avoid; and how to live a happy healthy life by maintaining her friendships and staying active in sports. The etiology of the disease is found to be an autoimmune disorder. In this process, the body is attacking itself, and killing off beta cells which secrete insulin in the pancreas. Once a majority of the beta cells have been destroyed, there i s an insulin deficiency. Insulin is needed to move glucose from the blood stream into cells and is vital for many body tissues, because it is their energy source. In the absence of insulin, the body breaks down fat and protein to provide energy and resorts to other hormones to make glucose form other sources. This causes an increase in lipolysis, which is the breakdown of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids; increased ketogenesis, which is the formation of ketones from free fattyShow MoreRelatedDiabetes Mellitus : A Disease Affecting Multi Organ System1190 Words  | 5 PagesDiabetes mellitus or DM is a disease affecting multi-organ systems due to the abnormal insulin production, improper insulin usage or even both. It is a very serious health problem throughout the world effecting thousands of people.A survey conducted in United States showed that almost 6.2% of the population suffers from this disease. It is a matter of great issue that almost one -third of the popul ation is unaware of the disease. Incidence Diabetes is actually the fifth leading cause of deathsRead MoreTypes Of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus1713 Words  | 7 Pages Introduction: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that occurs when insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas are damaged or are being destroyed (Mahan, Escott-Stump Raymond, 2012). The gradual destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas usually leads to complete insulin deficiency, which ultimately manifests itself in the following symptoms at clinical onset: â€Å"high blood glucose (hyperglycemia), frequent urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and a significant amount of weightRead MoreType 1 Diabetes Mellitus And Mellitus1711 Words  | 7 Pages Introduction: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that occurs when insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas are damaged or are being destroyed (Mahan, Escott-Stump Raymond, 2012). The gradual destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas usually leads to complete insulin deficiency, which ultimately manifests itself in the following symptoms at clinical onset: â€Å"high blood glucose (hyperglycemia), frequent urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and a significant amount of weightRead MoreIntroduction. Canine Diabetes Has Become A Common Health1716 Words  | 7 PagesIntroduction Canine diabetes has become a common health concern in recent years, affecting twenty-two to forty percent of the canine population globally (German, 2006). Dogs diagnosed with diabetes are typically classified as insulin-resistant or insulin-deficient, these two categories are commonly referred to as type 1 diabetes. The difference between the two main types of canine diabetes is the body’s inability to respond to insulin, insulin-resistant, or the inability to produce insulin, insulin-deficientRead MoreExploring The Negative Effects Of Maternal Obesity1675 Words  | 7 PagesNusrat Jahan Nicole Garret WRT 102 10/21/2015 Exploring the Negative Effects of Maternal Obesity Obesity in pregnant women is a global concern. In The United States, obesity is a critical public health issueâ€â€one in every three women is obese (Masho, et al). This issue becomes crucial in the context that 36% of pregnant women in the United States are obese (Shub, et al). Studies show a strong association between maternal obesity and health risks during pregnancy and labor. In addition, a disconnectRead MoreExercise Test Of Fasting Blood Glucose Levels1360 Words  | 6 Pages After recording their fasting blood glucose levels subjects in the exercise test group transitioned to the gym. At the gym each individual engaged in 45 minutes of moderate exercise. Although no strict controls were put in place to regulate the type or intensity of exercise conducted individuals generally engaged in a reasonably strenuous amount of exercises. Most individuals conducted either cardiovascular exercise such as running and biking or strength training such as calisthenics or weightR ead MorePathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus2103 Words  | 9 PagesPathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases. The body is unable to produce or absorb sufficient amounts of insulin. This causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. The pancreas normally produces insulin which regulates the level of glucose in the blood as 1)well as how its used. Glucose is vital to your health because its an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. Its also your brains main source ofRead MoreType 1 Diabetes Mellitus ( Iddm ) Essay1599 Words  | 7 PagesType 1 Diabetes Mellitus, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is destroys pancreatic beta-cells, leading to partial or total loss of insulin production (Merger, et al 170). The exact cause is not known, but the destruction is triggered as an autoimmune response which could be due to the stressors from environment and genetics (Merger, et al 170). â€Å"Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition in which there is no cure, nor prevention at t he current time†(Merger, et al 170). MostRead MoreInformation: Diabetes Mellitus2985 Words  | 12 PagesDiabetes mellitus, habitually referred to as diabetes is caused by a decline in insulin secretion by the cells of the pancreatic islet resulting into a surge in blood glucose concentration, a condition known as hyperglycemia. Diabetes insipidus is a disorder defined by the secretion of huge quantities of highly diluted urine, this is regardless if a reduction in fluid intake. This is as a result of a deficit of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) also known as vasopressin produced by the posterior pituitaryRead MoreDiabetes Is A Common Disease That Affects A Large Number Of The World s Population Essay1995 Words  | 8 PagesIntroduction Few would argue that diabetes mellitus is not a common disease that affects a large number of the World’s population. Shockingly, the World Health Organization reported that an estimated 347 million people globally have either type 1 or type 2 diabetes (Bossart et al., 2015). In the United States alone that number is 29 million (Wilkins, 2017). What most people do not understand is the distinct connection between diabetes and poor oral health. In fact, periodontal disease is considered
Curriculum free essay sample
Tab looks at exploring the curriculum and asks why our courses look the way they look. How they may have developed and how we can understand our courses better In order to help improve the quality of our students learning. It also covers deflations of curriculum The curriculum Is a formal course of study as at a college, university or training provider This Is a definition with which I agree, or It Is the public form of attempting to put an educational idea into practice which shows just a few diverse set of definitions.The definitions range from showing and making an impact to the teacher and training planning and also with the planning across my college. Key issues in defining curriculum include statements of what is to be learned, pointers as to the outcomes of this learning and explanations about the vision behind the curriculum. It has begun to expose and consider our own ideas about curriculum. We will write a custom essay sample on Curriculum or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Godson (1 994, quoted in Remarriage, et al 1 999) makes the interesting point that, while curriculum development and Implementation have been written about by so many people, the more fundamental Issues of curriculum function, who constructs It, why and for who have been more neglected. This Is something which I have often questioned myself. Wilson (2009) discusses the context of Widening Participation within the curriculum and how In this design of curriculum the requirements of groups are and was then considered.In some cases Education may need to be taken into other settings and contexts such as prisons or detention centre, the curriculum would then need to be adapted to suit this particular group of learners. The curriculum of delivering say mechanicals such as curriculum that hey offer within other colleges that I am now aware of, would need to be adapted in prison to take consideration and understanding of the tools and equipment such as sharp pillars that may be involved.The work of Wilson (2009) emphasizes the curriculum choices In the FEE (Further Education) sector are now principally Influenced by funding and that funding is now a strong need Into how curriculum Is given. The funding bodies research that sociality requires employment and social need. Coffined (2008, pop) suggests that not everything demanded c an be afforded and argues the question who is making the demand.
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Manuscript for experimental ps Essay Example For Students
Manuscript for experimental ps Essay Running head: GENDER AND NUMBER OF BYSTANDERSAbstractThis study was designed to look at the effects of gender and the number of bystanders on helping behavior. There were 128 participants in this study, compromising of students, faculty and also the general public in the area of Lexington, KY. The experiment was to drop pencils in an elevator when the correct number of bystanders were present to see who helped and who did not. The results of the study showed that the number of bystanders had no impact on whether the student who dropped his or her pencils was helped, however there was significant evidence that men were more likely to help than women. The Effects of Gender and the Number of Bystanders on Helping BehaviorIn the past decades, a large amount of research has been devoted to examining the connection between gender and helping behavior as well as the number of bystanders in relation to whether it will increase the willingness to help. This is to uncover the relationship betw een these factors, so people can be more prepared when faced with an emergency to know if they will receive any form of aid. By studying helping behavior, we can come up with ways to increase and promote helping behavior among the general public in order to bring about a caring and helping society. Stereotypically it is assumed that females would be more helpful than males, since they are perceived to be more expressive, caring and empathetic. This has been supported by a study that examined the effects of perceived costs on helping behavior in a university library (Dovidio, 1982). It was found that on the overall that female students helped more often in response to a request for some change as compared to male students, and this was especially true for situations involving members of the same sex. Tice and Baumeister (1985) who studied potential effects of dispositional sex-role orientation on bystander intervention in emergencies had found that masculinity inhibits helping in eme rgencies. According to their study, it is personality that predicts the bystander effect. Participants with highly masculine characteristics were less likely to take action to help the victim than were others, fearing potential embarrassment and loss of poise. Although supported to some extent, there have been several studies that indicate otherwise. An analysis on the effects of gender and dress on helping behavior indicated that women were helped more by other men and than other women. (Long, Mueller, Wyers, Khong, et al.,1996) Nevertheless, no definite line has been drawn to state whether women or men have higher tendencies to help other people the hypothesis that women help more in certain situations when compared to men has been supported. Women were found to score higher than men on low-risk, low-physical-strength helping behaviors, and lower than men on high-risk, high-physical-strength helping behaviors. (Erdle, Sasnom, Cole Heapy, 1992). Another similar situation where the relationships between gender and modes of helping was studied. Belansky and Boggiano (1994) found that women were more likely to help than men, but more likely to help in a nurturing way than in a problem-solving way. The other goal of this experiment was to study the bystander effect. Contrary to popular belief that the more people there are during an emergency, the more help would be offered, studies have shown that in real life, the fewer bystanders there are at an emergency situation, the more likely the victim will receive any form of aid. The decreasing probability of an individual offering help in an emergency situation is inversely related to an increase in the size of the group in which he/she witnesses the event (Mishra Das, 1983). There are several other factors affecting helpfulness, such as personal competency. In the study done by Cramer, McMaster, Bartell and Dragna (1988) on registered nurses and general education students, the responses to the post-emergency questionnaire indicated that at the time of the emergency both high and low-competent students strongly felt that they should do something to help the workman. Yet they lacked confidence in their ability to help the workman a nd in knowing what steps to take to help. Apart from self competency,
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