Ap English Book Report Essays

Ap English Book Report Essays Ap English Book Report Essay Ap English Book Report Essay Name of Book: Nickel and Dimed Author: Barbara Ehrenreich Plot Summary: The author, Barbara Ehrenreich, works for the prestigious New Yorker magazine. One day over lunch with a famous editor discussing possible stories to write, she comments that the minimum wage is too low. She thinks someone used to more money should try to live on this pittance. The editor, Lewis Lapham, assigns her the story. This is not good news for Ehrenreich. Having spent her childhood with middle class struggling people, she does not want to live a life of risk or discomfort. Also, shes older and doesnt want to do hard physical labor or live in an inferior building. Therefore, the author makes some rules for herself on this assignment. She wont rely on her superior education or the skills she normally uses to support herself. So she does an experiment to see if she can survive working on low wage to support herself. Major Characters: Barbara Ehrenreich   Author was the main character of the book, conceiving and carrying out the low-wage experiments. Ehrenreich kept her real name while applying for jobs, though she did not reveal her Ph. D. in biology, or her background as a writer. B. J. B. J. was a manager at the first job Ehrenreich took during the experiment, at a restaurant in Key West. George- George was a dishwasher in the Key West Restaurant. An immigrant from Czechoslovakia, George spoke little English and had trouble understanding the problems that were happening in the restaurant around him. He was eventually accused of stealing from the restaurant and fired without understanding the reason. Ted- Is the manager of The Maids, a housekeeping service in Maine that Ehrenreich joins. Ted attempts to get Ehrenreich to tell him about any employees who have been complaining about their jobs. Ehrenreich believes that many of the women working for The Maids are doing so to gain Ted’s approval. Holly- Holly is a maid who works with Ehrenreich in Maine. She discovers she is pregnant during the month Ehrenreich is there, and suffers from dizzy spells and nausea. During one house cleaning she twists her ankle and walks with a limp afterward. Marge- A maid from Maine who suffers from arthritis, Marge is regularly paired with Holly and Ehrenreich for house cleaning assignments. Melissa- An employee of a Wal-Mart in Minneapolis, Melissa works with Ehrenreich sorting clothing. She quits her job when Ehrenreich does, saying that she doesn’t want to work there without her. Howard- Howard is the assistant manager at the Minneapolis Wal-Mart. He conducts regular meetings for all employees in order to discuss emergency scenarios and to warn them not to talk to each other. Setting: This novel takes place in three different locations; the first site chosen for the experiment was Key West, Florida, as it was close to her home. Searching for a job and a place to live, she found a waitress position at a small restaurant, which she calls Jerry’s. The restaurant, like most of the places she works, is not revealed by its true name in her book, nor are the people she meets. Her next city of choice was Portland, Maine. In Maine, there are many weekly motels to choose from, and she finds one that is affordable and comfortable. She chose this location because of its mainly Caucasian demographics. She finds two jobs that she is able to keep at the same time working as a maid for a housekeeping service during the week, and as a dietary aide in a nursing home on the weekends. In Minneapolis, Minnesota, Ehrenreich spends more time looking for a place to live than in the other cities. The vacancy rate in Minneapolis was less than 1%, and Ehrenreich was unable to find an apartment. Hotels renting by the week or month were also hard to come by. Motifs: Author is using imagery where Grace a senior in the nursing home staring at Barbara very accusing and demanding for her cup to be refilled. The author expresses the senior’s stare at Barbara and wanting her cup at this instance. There is a  sense of imagery where you can see the senior very mad and cranky for not having her cup refilled. Vocabulary: Chapter 1 Perpetual Continuing or continued without intermission or interruption. Intrigue To arouse the curiosity or interest of by unusual, new, or otherwise fascinating or compelling qualities. Dithering A state of flustered excitement or fear. Proffer To put before a person for acceptance. Chapter 2 Piteously Evoking or deserving pity. Albinism The state or condition of being an albino. Infiltrate To cause to pass in by filtering. Prophetically Of  the  nature  of  or  containing  prophecy. Pristine Having  its  original  purity. Chapter 3 Disembarking To  leave  an  aircraft  or  other  vehicle. Allopathic the  method  of  treating  disease  by  the  use  of  agents  that  produce effects  different  from  those  of  the  disease  treated. Corridors A  gallery  or  passage  connecting  parts  of  a  building. Denunciation An  accusation  of  crime  before  a  public  prosecutor  or  tribunal. Cadence Rhythmic  flow  of  a  sequence  of  sounds  or  words. Denouncing To  condemn  or  censure  openly  or  publicly. Chapter 4 Hierarchy Any  system  of  persons  or  things  ranked  one  above  another. Toiletries any  article  or  preparation  used  in  cleaning  or  grooming  oneself,  as soap  or  deodorant. Extravagances Excessive  or  unnecessary  expenditure  or  outlay  of  money. Expenditures Something  that  is  expended. Inadequacy something  inadequate.

Computers Essay †La computadora es muy beneficiosa

Computers Essay – La computadora es muy beneficiosa Free Online Research Papers Computers Essay La computadora es muy beneficiosa Discuss the changes computers have made in our lives. What impact is they having today and will have in the future? La computadora se inicio como sà ³lo un avance tecnolà ³gico, pero paso a paso y a travà ©s de su perfeccionamiento comenzà ³ a formar parte de nuestras vidas. Actualmente la computadora es indispensable en nuestra cotidianidad. La computadora es muy beneficiosa al momento de facilitarnos muchas cosas. Por ejemplo anteriormente realizar una investigacià ³n era mucho mas complejo porque una biblioteca era la referencia obligada. Sin embargo, actualmente podemos realizar cualquier investigacià ³n desde la comodidad de nuestras casas, esto gracias a la computadora. Eso entre muchas otras comodidades que ofrece la computadora como entretenimiento y facilidades para la trascripcià ³n. Por todo esto es que se habla de las computadoras como un aparato tecnolà ³gico indispensable en nuestras vidas. Claro est tambià ©n que no todo es tan beneficioso. Porque ha sido la computadora y todas sus facilidades la creadora de generaciones enteras dependientes de una computadora e incapaces de realizar cualquier accià ³n antes nombrada sin contar con la computadora. Estamos corriendo el riesgo entonces de convertirnos en seres inà ºtiles. Es imposible estar en contra de los avances tecnolà ³gicos, sabiendo adems que ese avance es continuo y progresivo. Pero es necesario limitar un poco los posibles impactos negativos que esos avances tecnolà ³gicos puedan tener en nosotros. Corremos el riesgo de que en el futuro sean las maquinas computarizadas mas à ºtiles que nosotros. Es este el riesgo de seguir dndole crà ©dito a las facilidades que nos otorga la computadora pero la tecnologà ­a es como una marea que nos arrastra. Es cuestià ³n de saber limitar la tecnologà ­a sin oponernos a ella. Solamente de esta manera estaremos evitando las posibles causas que lleven en un futuro a la humanidad a ser desplazados por estas maquinas con cerebros artificiales. Research Papers on Computers Essay - La computadora es muy beneficiosaThe Project Managment Office SystemCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenGenetic EngineeringHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayTwilight of the UAWThe Fifth HorsemanAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods research Paper

Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods - Research Paper Example The research report under analysis examines the depth and breadth of reverse logistical practices in Ghana’s pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. Apparently, the research used a mixed methods approach. In essence, the research exercise involved a proportional application of both the quantitative methods and qualitative methods. The first evidence of mixed methods approach is observable within the data collection context of the research. With respect to the data and methodology section of the article, it emerges that data and information were gathered through the use of questionnaires, specifically both open ended and closed ended questionnaires. Questions contained within the questionnaires were either open or close ended in nature. In this case, use of closed ended questions is an iconic characteristic of quantitative research methodology. On the other hand, the use of open ended questions is synonymous to qualitative research methodology. In addition, administration of per sonal interviews to managers and professionals within the pharmaceutical industry qualifies as an incident of qualitative research approach. Based on the nature of questions used during the questionnaire data collection exercise, it is admissible that a mixed research methodology was employed.Besides the proportional blend of qualitative and quantitative approaches in obtaining data and information, mixed methods approach is also evidenced by techniques used in the description and analysis of data and information.

Government and politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Government and politics - Essay Example These questions will be examined in the course of this essay. The institutions of the EU are sure to change due to the Lisbon Treaty, perhaps most dramatically in terms of international affairs. The new High Representative for Foreign Affairs will unify Europes foreign policy. This will have a significant impact. It’s important to ask the question, What is power on the international scene? Part of it must surely have to do with purely military force (Kagan, 12). The US is the lone power in the world with the ability to conduct expeditionary warfare on multiple fronts across the globe whenever it wants to. As was demonstrated in the Balkans in the 1990s, Europeans aren’t able to project a credible military force even within Europe. Therefore the Europeans resort to the only thing they have for managing international conflicts, international institutions such as the UN. The success of European integration and solving the "German problem" has a lot of Europeans, Kagan says, to believe that they live in a Kantian paradise where inter national institutions can banish war forever (101). Americans have a different historical reality, and think of the world as a Hobbesian jungle where hard power rules. Now because of the Lisbon Treaty, Europeans will be taking more responsibility for their actions as a unified state. Hopefully, this will lead to the EU supporting the US in various actions rather than being a peanut gallery of criticism, with various European foreign minister sniping away (Nergelius, 89). Now Europe is left with two options: either they follow the US or be a silent partner. "Rather than viewing the US as a Gulliver tied down by Lilliputian threads", says Kagan, "American leaders should realize that they are hardly constrained at all, that Europe is not really capable of constraining the US" (100). The main reason he reaches this conclusion is because he thinks of power only in a

Changing social and legal dimensions of race relations in The US from Essay

Changing social and legal dimensions of race relations in The US from 1920-1950 - Essay Example The feature of this essay is to bring about the existing concept in the treatment of the Africans and other immigrants in America and to focus on the point whether America is completely free of the racial discrimination towards the African community in their place. America is a vast country where immigrants could be seen in every state, this is due to the powerful revision of equality and pressure in education values and educational policies. Through out the world Education has started gaining a total significance and students travel to other non-native countries in order to improve their educational status. The out look of the Government is also in the immediate process of changing. So it accepts the students from other countries. It is a two way income to their country, in one path the Government earns a lot income from the arrival of foreign students and on the other side establishment is carried out in their educational departments. While analyzing the condition of the American society between the years 1920-1950 a considerable change could be seen, but still not a complete change is accepted. Meanwhile it is really interesting to find evidences of the situation regarding the race relations in the written works of Authors’ like Ralph Ellison. The â€Å"Invisible Man† by Ellison reflects the narrator as a key source to carry the message that how he finds himself as an invisible man among the people of America. The list of humiliations, the different way of response, the ignorance with which he had failed to recognize the irony and the treatment of the white higher officials towards the black people were all added to the causes of his out come of â€Å"Invisible Man†. The title has a deep significance in it; Ellison himself talks in the place of the narrator. It is a collection of his experience in America. It is better to go through the life of Ellison before he became a

Ultrasound Imaging Systems

Ultrasound Imaging Systems 1.1 INTRODUCTION An ultrasound scans also known as ultrasonography. Ultrasound will form the image by scanning using the high frequency sound waves. This device suitable to evaluate some part inside of the body. In physics, ultrasound is a sound with a frequency humans cannot hear. In diagnostic sonography, the ultrasound is usually between 2 and 18 MHz. (Anon 2012) 2.0 THE ULTRASOUND IMAGING SYSTEM Figure 1 : The principal functional components of an ultrasound imaging system.(Perry Sprawls n.d.) 2.1 TRANSDUCER The ultrasound transducer converts an electrical signal into the ultrasound beam. The signal transmitted into the patient’s body, and then alters the returning echo into an electrical signal for processing and display. It use single-element circular disk to both transmit and receive ultrasound. (Hedrick et al. 2005) 2.1.1 CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSDUCER Crystal of piezoelectric material with electrodes is the main part of the transducer. The electrodes are formed by plating a thin film of gold or silver on the crystal surface. The matching layer is located adjacent to the electrodes. The function is to improve the transfer of energy to and from the patient. All this part of the transducer is placed in an electrically insulating casing. This casing will give structural support. An acoustic insulator is made of rubber or cork it works to prevents the transmission of ultrasound energy into the casing. (Hedrick et al. 2005) 2.1.1.1 PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS When we change the transducer it will change the frequency too. A higher frequency transducer that produces a shorter wavelength has a thinner crystal. Normally the material that always almost used in transducer is lead zirconate titanate (PZT). PZT represents a piezoelectric ceramics with various extracts. It will change the properties to equal a particular application. In medical, PZT-5 is used because it has the properties of high electromechanical coupling coefficient, high dielectric constant, and ability to be formed in a particular size and shape. (Hedrick et al. 2005) 2.1.1.2 BACKING MATERIAL The functions of backing material will deliver the maximum amount of energy in the form of heat to the patient. This is will give a continuous output of ultrasound waves from the transducer. The other function is to absorb all the energy except for the one cycle of sound. Meaning’s that one that produced from the front face of the transducer. Backing materials should have acoustic impedance so that maximum energy transfer will occur. Besides that, backing material should have a high absorption coefficient. This is to prevent ultrasonic energy from reentering the crystal. In the backing material, they will use an epoxy resin and tungsten powder combination to damp the ultrasonic pulse. Next, the rear surface of the backing materials is slanted to prevent reflection of sound energy into the crystal. (Hedrick et al. 2005) 2.1.1.3 MATCHING LAYER The matching layer is placed in the transducer on the exit side of the crystal. This material with acoustic impedance is placed between the crystal and the patient. The function of the acoustic impedance to produced ultrasonic energy to be largely reflected at this interface. This creates a long pulse and reduces the beam intensity that enters the patient, which is we did not want it in the ultrasound. The reason why we need the matching layer is to shorten the pulse and the improve energy transfer across the crystal-tissue interface. However, the matching layer must have low-loss properties since high attenuation would stabilize the desired effect of high transmission. (Hedrick et al. 2005) 2.2 PULSE GENERATOR The pulse generator produces the electrical pulses. The size of the electrical pulses can be used to change the intensity and energy of the ultrasound beam. (Perry Sprawls n.d.) 2.3 AMPLIFICATION After the echo is received by the transducer, amplification is used to intensification the size of the electrical pulses. Gain setting will controls the amount of amplification. The time gain compensation function is to alter the increase in relationship to the distance of echo sites inside the body. (Hedrick et al. 2005) 2.4 SCAN GENERATOR Controlling the scanning of the ultrasound beam is done by the scan generator. The way is by control the procedure when electrical pulses are functional to the piezoelectric elements in the transducer. (Perry Sprawls n.d.) 2.5 IMAGE PROCESSOR The digital imageis to produce the chosenforms for display. This includes giving it specific contrast characteristics and reformatting the image. (Perry Sprawls n.d.) 2.6 DISPLAY The digital ultrasound images are observed on the monitor and transmitted to work station. The other part of the ultrasound system is the digital storage device. The function is to store images for later viewing.(Perry Sprawls n.d.) 3.0 THE ULTRASOUND PULSE Figure 3 : The production of the ultrasound pulse. (Perry Sprawls n.d.) 4.0 ULTRASOUND CHARACTERISTIC 4.1 FREQUENCY Frequency is the number of wave cycles passing a given point in a given increase of time. The unit is cycles/ second or hertz. Frequency is the inverse of the period. (Hedrick et al. 2005) Figure 4 : The ultrasound pulse frequency. (Perry Sprawls n.d.) 4.2 VELOCITY Velocity is the rate and direction at which sound propagates through a medium. The average velocity of sound in soft tissue is 1540 m/s. (Hedrick et al. 2005) Figure 5 : The ultrasound of velocity. (Perry Sprawls n.d.) 4.3 WAVELENGTH Wavelength is a physical characteristic of a wave that is the distance for one complete wave cycle. (Hedrick et al. 2005) Figure 6 : The wavelength of the ultrasound. (Perry Sprawls n.d.) 4.4 AMPLITUDE Amplitude used to refer to the particle displacement, particle velocity or acoustic pressure of a sound wave. Amplitude also show the strength of the detected echo or the voltage induced in a crystal by a pressure wave. (Hedrick et al. 2005) 5.0 INTENSITY AND POWER Intensity is a physical parameter that describes the amount of energy flowing through a unit cross-sectional area of a beam each second. This is the rate at which the wave transmits the energy over a small area. The unit of intensity is the watt per square centimeter or joule per second per square centimeter. (Hedrick et al. 2005) Power is a measure of the total energy transmitted summed over the entire cross-sectional area of the beam per unit time. The unit of power is the watt. (Hedrick et al. 2005) 5.1 TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS As the transducer emits pulses, it causes large instabilities of intensity in the region through which the pulse move. Each pulse consists of multiple cycles that produce intensity variations within the pulse itself-the maximum intensity, designated temporal peak (TP). Pulse average (PA) will controls the intensity averaged over the duration of a single pulse. Temporal average (TA) will controls the intensity averaged over the longer interval of the pulse repetition period. The TA intensity is related to the PA intensity by the duty factor (DF): TA = DFÃâ€"PA or by the pulse duration (PD) and pulse repetition frequency (PRF):TA =PD Ãâ€" PRF Ãâ€" PA.(Hedrick et al. 2005) 5.2 SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS The maximum intensity of all measured values within the sound field is designated as the spatial peak (SP). The designation of spatial peak is not well-defined. In some applications it refers to the maximum intensity in a plane perpendicular to the beam axis at a particular distance from the transducer. The maximum intensity throughout the ultrasonic field which usually occurs along the beam axis. The focusing of the transducer is the most important determinant of spatial peak.(Hedrick et al. 2005) 5.3 TEMPORAL/SPATIAL COMBINATION Spatial averaging over the cross-sectional area of the beam for each temporal intensity is also specified. A cutoff point of 0.25 times the SP intensity has been established to the limit area over which the intensity is averaged. These three combinations are possible to happen are I(SATP)-spatial average, temporal peak intensity, I(SAPA)-spatial average, pulse average intensity and I(SATA)-spatial average, temporal average intensity.(Hedrick et al. 2005) 6.0 INTERACTIONS OF ULTRASOUND Figure 7: The interaction within a body of ultrasound (Perry Sprawls n.d.). 6.1 ABSORPTION AND ATTENUATION Absorption is the procedure whereby energy is placed in a medium by converting ultrasonic energy into other energy forms, primarily heat. It is an exponentially decreasing function and is the major factor in the total attenuation of the beam. (Hedrick et al. 2005) Attenuation is the decrease in intensity as a sound beam travels through the medium. Attenuation depends on all the interactions of ultrasound with tissues which include scattering, divergence, and absorption. (Hedrick et al. 2005) Scattering is the rerouting of sound energy resulting from the sound beam striking an interface whose physical dimension is less than one wavelength. It is also called non specular reflection. (Hedrick et al. 2005) 6.2 REFLECTION Reflection is an interaction that results when the sound being redirected into the medium after striking an acoustic interface. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. The intensity of the reflected wave is depends on the composition of the interface. (Hedrick et al. 2005) 6.3 REFRACTION Refraction is a process whereby sound enters one medium from another that will result in a bending or deviation of a sound beam from the predictable straight-line path. Refraction obeys Snell’s law, which is based on the ratio of the velocity of the sound in the respective media. Refraction will make artifacts in the image by the misregistration of structures (Hedrick et al. 2005) 7.0 PULSE DIAMETER AND BEAM WIDTH A low-Q transducer has a short pulse length and a broad bandwidth while a high-Q transducer has a long pulse length and narrow bandwidth. The objectives beam width is to transmit a beam that would be directional with a narrow beam width. An echo is created anyway of the lateral position of the object in the ultrasonic field. The lateral dimension of the object in the image is defined as the same size as the beam width. Multiple small objects equidistant from the transducer are not resolved when encompassed by the beam. Focusing reduces the beam width at specific depth to enhance the spatial mapping of received echoes.(Ding et al. 2014) Sampling is restricted laterally by the width of the beam. Objects located outside the beam do not contribute signals. (Small 1971) 7.1 TRANSDUCER FOCUSSING The focusing transducer made-up with an indented active element exhibits much broader bandwidth and higher sensitivity. To fabricate focusing transducers, we can add a lens and shaping the piezoelectric element. Among the focusing transducer designing methods, the shaping element used in transducers was reported to be much effective for fabricating high sensitivity device. Hard pressing and pressure defection techniques are the usual ways to shape transducer elements. For the flexible composite and polymer materials, the focusing transducer can be easily fabricated using those techniques.(Chen et al. 2013) Figure 8: The width and pulse diameter characteristics of both unfocused and focused transducer. (Perry Sprawls n.d.) 7.2 ADJUSTABLE TRANSMIT FOCUS Transmit focusing happen when the depth of the focal zone is altered by varying the delay times between crystal excitations. (Wright 1997)The scanning of the region of interest is conducted with a depth of focus selected by the operator. After review of the real-time image, a new focal zone may be certain to rescan the same area with dissimilar focusing in the scan plane. The beam is focused to a new depth simply by changing the delay times. The transducers that have the capabilities of this focusing are phased linear arrays. (Kossoff Eng 2000)Electronic phasing of the elements allows variable focusing along the scan line which in turn controls beam width in the plane direction. High resolution images with multiple focal zones throughout the images are also possible using this adjustment delay lines. Multi zone transmit focusing reduces the frame rate, because the data must be composed for all the lines of sight across the array with a set focal zone depth before the lines of sight are repetitive with a different focal zone depth. 7.3 DYNAMIC RECEIVE FOCUS Dynamic focusing is in the receive mode. It does will reduce the effective sampling volume.(Kossoff Eng 2000) Dynamic focusing will operate at all depths. The wave front from the object appears to be in phase for all the crystals resulting in a focused beam from the depth of interest. Beam formation is the delay and sum of strategy. The master synchronizer sends timing messages to the receiver-delay lines to indicate the elapsed time from transmission to reception. The elapsed time determines the delay times for each crystal. The depth for receive focus is always known, and thus receive-delay times are constantly changed to yield continually focused beam at all depths. During acquisition of image data the receive times delays are varied dynamically to sweep the focal zone to each point along the scan line. (Hedrick et al. 2005) 8.0 CONCLUSION In ultrasound, high frequencies provide better quality images, but cannot penetrate through skin and organ deeply. Low frequencies can penetrate deeper, but the image quality is poor. Ultrasound is useful to view part inside of the body. They may also be useful in helping the surgeon when carrying out some types of biopsies. Ultrasound is a one of the safe procedure in imaging department.

Computer Programming :: essays research papers fc

Computer Programming Choosing to do a research on a career can be a little easier to do when you have some or a general knowledge a particular field of work. There are many different types of jobs one can decide to undertake, one of which is in the most popular line of work today: Computer Programming. Although this line of work might seem a little tiresome but you might find it enjoyable by people with lots of patience and the will to do long and tidious work. Most programmers in large corporations work in teams, with each person focusing on a specific aspect of the total project(AOL). Programmers write the detailed instructions for a computer to follow. A computer programmer carefully studies the program that best suits the employer needs. They may also work for a large computer corporation developing new software and/or improving older versions of these programs. Programmers write specific programs by breaking down each step into a logical series of hours of writing programs, the programmer must follow. After long hours of writing programs, the programmer must thoroughly testing and revising it. Generally, programmers create software by using the following a basic step-by-step development process: (1) Define the scope of the program by outlining exactly what the program will do. (2) Plan the sequence of computer operations, usually by developing a flowchart (a diagram showing the order of computer actions and data flow). (3) Write the code--the program instructions encoded in a particular programming language. (4) Test the program. (5) Debug the program (eliminate problems in program logic and correct incorrect usage of the programming language). (6) Submit the program for beta testing, in which users test the program extensively under real-life conditions to see whether it performs correctly(AOL) Programmers are grouped into two types: Application programmers and systems programmers. These programmers write the software that changes a basic machine into a personal tool that not only is useful for increasing productivity but also be fun and entertain the user. Applications programmers write commercial programs to be used by businesses, in scientific research centers, and in the home. Systems programmers write the complex programs that control the inner-workings of the computer. Application programmers are focused primarily on business, engineering, or science tasks, such as writing a program to direct the guidance system of a missile to its target (Information Finder). A systems programmer maintains the software that controls the operation of the entire computer system. They make changes to the instructions that controls the central processing unit, in turn, controls the computers hardware itself(FL View #475). They also help application programmers determine the source of problems that may occur with their programs. Computer Programming :: essays research papers fc Computer Programming Choosing to do a research on a career can be a little easier to do when you have some or a general knowledge a particular field of work. There are many different types of jobs one can decide to undertake, one of which is in the most popular line of work today: Computer Programming. Although this line of work might seem a little tiresome but you might find it enjoyable by people with lots of patience and the will to do long and tidious work. Most programmers in large corporations work in teams, with each person focusing on a specific aspect of the total project(AOL). Programmers write the detailed instructions for a computer to follow. A computer programmer carefully studies the program that best suits the employer needs. They may also work for a large computer corporation developing new software and/or improving older versions of these programs. Programmers write specific programs by breaking down each step into a logical series of hours of writing programs, the programmer must follow. After long hours of writing programs, the programmer must thoroughly testing and revising it. Generally, programmers create software by using the following a basic step-by-step development process: (1) Define the scope of the program by outlining exactly what the program will do. (2) Plan the sequence of computer operations, usually by developing a flowchart (a diagram showing the order of computer actions and data flow). (3) Write the code--the program instructions encoded in a particular programming language. (4) Test the program. (5) Debug the program (eliminate problems in program logic and correct incorrect usage of the programming language). (6) Submit the program for beta testing, in which users test the program extensively under real-life conditions to see whether it performs correctly(AOL) Programmers are grouped into two types: Application programmers and systems programmers. These programmers write the software that changes a basic machine into a personal tool that not only is useful for increasing productivity but also be fun and entertain the user. Applications programmers write commercial programs to be used by businesses, in scientific research centers, and in the home. Systems programmers write the complex programs that control the inner-workings of the computer. Application programmers are focused primarily on business, engineering, or science tasks, such as writing a program to direct the guidance system of a missile to its target (Information Finder). A systems programmer maintains the software that controls the operation of the entire computer system. They make changes to the instructions that controls the central processing unit, in turn, controls the computers hardware itself(FL View #475). They also help application programmers determine the source of problems that may occur with their programs.